# Evaluation Topics: Navigation

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PenguFly
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### **Travel** is the _motor component of navigation_.&#x20;

_**Real**_ world - physical navigation task, such as moving feet, turning a steering wheel, turning around etcetera. \
&#xNAN;_**Virtual**_ world - translate or rotate the viewpoint and modify the conditions of movement, such as the velocity.

### **Navigation strategies**

* _Exploration_, the user has no specific goal for any of the movement that is performed.
* _Search_, the user will have a specific goal or target to navigate to: _naive search task_ (target position = unknown) & _primed search task_ (target position is known)
* _Manoeuvring_, local area, involves small and precise movements. E.g. take a closer look at an object.

### **Navigation characteristics**

* _Distance_, what’s the range, does it need velocity in order to provide a continuous flow?
* _Amount of turns_ and curvatures in the experience.
* _Visibility of the target_ at starting location
* _Degrees of Freedom_ needed for the movements.
* _Required accuracy_ of the movement.
* _Other primary tasks_ that take place parallel to the navigation task.

## **Navigation techniques**

![physical dimensions](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*jIPvIT_oaTe6Qv6_IjTplw.jpeg)

#### **Walking**

* _Real walking_: VR has limited options, but for AR mobile apps, this is something to explore.
* [_Redirected Walking_](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=THk92rev1VA) can be used to create unlimited corridors and [infinite stairs](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s6Lv6HQCvZ8). Use with caution!
* _Scaled Walking_: e.g. [Seven League Boots Locomotion Technique](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uo8zfAPaWqU): scaled walking approach by walking slow or uptempo.
* [_Walk-in-Place_:](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J_yQfW1qYGI) compromise, the sense of presence and real movement is diminished, low immersion.
* _Human Joystick_: the user will move on a sensor-based platform in reality in order to navigate.
* _Human Joystick (other)_: the [environment changes slightly](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iyK94jFuniM) while playing the game.
* [_Treadmill walking and Running_](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qh2UdRKNqH4)
* _Teleporting_: most common used method to navigate in VR.&#x20;

![Example of Redirected Walking](https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/6873813/redirected-walking-gif.gif)

#### **Steering**

* [_Gaze-directed Steering._](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6iKxser1Wic)&#x20;
* [_Hand-directed Steering (pointing)._](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JRgCe_8q4vE)&#x20;
* Grabbing the Air Technique: like pulling a rope in the air.
* [Move Tour Own Body:](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxGqIjMlTs8) _Torso-directed Steering._ and _Lean-directed Steering._ People naturally turn their bodies towards the direction that they are taking. With Lean-directed steering the user does not take any steps, but leans towards the direction he wants

### Other techniques

![moving the avatar's position on a 2D-map](https://1763729276-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-legacy-files/o/assets%2F-LiPPFFn8713gkOyphHP%2F-LicOOiPuImML3MnbJv6%2F-LicOT1XqNYsiG4QAy0B%2FScreen%20Shot%202019-06-30%20at%2014.38.57.png?alt=media\&token=f88e747e-4240-4ea0-8173-19ce7cf9d0df)

**Target-Based Travel Techniques (Google Maps)**\
**-** Representation-based Target Technique: _moving the avatar's position on a 2D-map_ and then the avatar will walk to this position in 3D.

**Route-planning Travel Techniques**\
**-** _Drawing_ the desired path.\
\- _Marking points_ along a path.

**Viewpoint manipulation technique**\
**-** _camera_ (in hand technique)\
\- _avatar_ [(world-in-miniature)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxGqIjMlTs8) \
\- _fixed-object manipulation_ (viewpoint moves relative to the fixed object).

**Active scaling**\
\- user takes active control in the scaling of the virtual world.

**Automated scaling**\
\- multi-scale virtual environments, in where the system takes over sometimes, in order for users to stay focused on the right task. &#x20;
