# Evaluation Topics: Navigation

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PenguFly
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### **Travel** is the *motor component of navigation*.&#x20;

***Real*** world - physical navigation task, such as moving feet, turning a steering wheel, turning around etcetera. \
\&#xNAN;***Virtual*** world - translate or rotate the viewpoint and modify the conditions of movement, such as the velocity.

### **Navigation strategies**

* *Exploration*, the user has no specific goal for any of the movement that is performed.
* *Search*, the user will have a specific goal or target to navigate to: *naive search task* (target position = unknown) & *primed search task* (target position is known)
* *Manoeuvring*, local area, involves small and precise movements. E.g. take a closer look at an object.

### **Navigation characteristics**

* *Distance*, what’s the range, does it need velocity in order to provide a continuous flow?
* *Amount of turns* and curvatures in the experience.
* *Visibility of the target* at starting location
* *Degrees of Freedom* needed for the movements.
* *Required accuracy* of the movement.
* *Other primary tasks* that take place parallel to the navigation task.

## **Navigation techniques**

![physical dimensions](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*jIPvIT_oaTe6Qv6_IjTplw.jpeg)

#### **Walking**

* *Real walking*: VR has limited options, but for AR mobile apps, this is something to explore.
* [*Redirected Walking*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=THk92rev1VA) can be used to create unlimited corridors and [infinite stairs](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s6Lv6HQCvZ8). Use with caution!
* *Scaled Walking*: e.g. [Seven League Boots Locomotion Technique](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uo8zfAPaWqU): scaled walking approach by walking slow or uptempo.
* [*Walk-in-Place*:](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J_yQfW1qYGI) compromise, the sense of presence and real movement is diminished, low immersion.
* *Human Joystick*: the user will move on a sensor-based platform in reality in order to navigate.
* *Human Joystick (other)*: the [environment changes slightly](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iyK94jFuniM) while playing the game.
* [*Treadmill walking and Running*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qh2UdRKNqH4)
* *Teleporting*: most common used method to navigate in VR.&#x20;

![Example of Redirected Walking](https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/6873813/redirected-walking-gif.gif)

#### **Steering**

* [*Gaze-directed Steering.*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6iKxser1Wic)&#x20;
* [*Hand-directed Steering (pointing).*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JRgCe_8q4vE)&#x20;
* Grabbing the Air Technique: like pulling a rope in the air.
* [Move Tour Own Body:](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxGqIjMlTs8) *Torso-directed Steering.* and *Lean-directed Steering.* People naturally turn their bodies towards the direction that they are taking. With Lean-directed steering the user does not take any steps, but leans towards the direction he wants

### Other techniques

![moving the avatar's position on a 2D-map](https://1763729276-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-legacy-files/o/assets%2F-LiPPFFn8713gkOyphHP%2F-LicOOiPuImML3MnbJv6%2F-LicOT1XqNYsiG4QAy0B%2FScreen%20Shot%202019-06-30%20at%2014.38.57.png?alt=media\&token=f88e747e-4240-4ea0-8173-19ce7cf9d0df)

**Target-Based Travel Techniques (Google Maps)**\
**-** Representation-based Target Technique: *moving the avatar's position on a 2D-map* and then the avatar will walk to this position in 3D.

**Route-planning Travel Techniques**\
**-** *Drawing* the desired path.\
\- *Marking points* along a path.

**Viewpoint manipulation technique**\
**-** *camera* (in hand technique)\
\- *avatar* [(world-in-miniature)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxGqIjMlTs8) \
\- *fixed-object manipulation* (viewpoint moves relative to the fixed object).

**Active scaling**\
\- user takes active control in the scaling of the virtual world.

**Automated scaling**\
\- multi-scale virtual environments, in where the system takes over sometimes, in order for users to stay focused on the right task. &#x20;